Sperm motility and seminal plasma characteristics in Barbus sharpeyi (Günther, 1874)

Spermatozoa concentration, ionic composition, osmolality, glucose and total protein contents of seminal plasma and sperm motility were determined in Barbus sharpeyi (Cyprinidae, Teleosotei). Spermatozoa concentration ranged from 9.77 to 20.20 × 10⁹ spermatozoa mL^?1. Osmolality (mOsmol kg^?1) and ionic contents (mM L^?1) of the seminal plasma were 274.5±9.0, 70.0±3.4 Na⁺, 28.8±0.9 K⁺, 101.7±3.1 Cl^?, 0.9±0.1 Mg²⁺ and 2.1±0.1 Ca²⁺ respectively. Total protein and glucose were 5.3±0.2 g L^?1 and 76.7±4.3 mM L^?1 respectively. Sperm motility was initiated in a hypo‐osmotic condition, composed of either an ionic (KCl or NaCl) or a non‐ionic (sucrose) activation medium. Duration of sperm motility was very short: <2 min after activation in distilled water. Percentage of motile spermatozoa was significantly higher in an activation medium containing NaCl compared with that of distilled water. An activating medium containing NaCl or KCl higher than 150 mM or sucrose higher than 275 mM totally inhibited the activation of sperm motility. Immediately after sperm activation, wave(s) propagated along the flagellum, but waves were restricted to the proximal part of the flagellum (close to the head) at 1 min post activation. Studied characteristics in the present study were compared with those of other cyprinids for understanding inter‐species differences.     

颗粒浓度对文蛤、硬壳蛤和菲律宾蛤仔保留效率的影响

本研究通过在养殖水体中添加底泥或单胞藻调节悬浮颗粒浓度,研究了悬浮物数量浓度和质量浓度变化对文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)、硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)和菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)保留效率的影响。结果显示,文蛤、硬壳蛤及菲律宾蛤仔的保留效率分别在粒径为8、6和6 μm时达到最大值,分别为51.1%、59.6%和62.6%。随着数量浓度的增加,文蛤在低(4.32× 107 cells/L)、中(5.27×107 cells/L)、高(6.65×107 cells/L) 3个数量浓度下保留效率达到最大值时的最小粒径逐渐增大,分别为9、13和14 μm,保留效率最大值分别降至49.7%、33.4%和26.2%;与文蛤相似,菲律宾蛤仔保留效率达到最大值时的最小粒径也分别增大至9、12和14 μm,但最大保留值无明显变化;硬壳蛤保留效率的最大值保持不变,但达到最大值时的最小粒径略有增大,分别为8、9和10 μm。随质量浓度的增加,文蛤和菲律宾蛤仔在低(5.7 mg/L)、中(11.8 mg/L)、高(23.3 mg/L) 3个质量浓度下的保留效率最大值和达到最大值时的最小粒径均无明显变化;硬壳蛤保留效率最大值显著降低,分别为60.7%、27.6%和25.5%,但保留效率达到最大值时的最小粒径保持不变。研究表明,文蛤和菲律宾蛤仔的保留效率对食物颗粒数量浓度变化更敏感,而硬壳蛤的保留效率受质量浓度变化影响较大。     

不同氮源营养盐对小球藻生长的影响

小球藻具有繁殖快、易培养等优点,在其生长过程受各种生态因子的影响,如温度、光照、营养盐等。本实验设计了4种不同的营养盐:硝酸钾、尿素、硫酸铵、碳酸氢铵和6个不同的尿素浓度,研究不同的营养盐和营养盐浓度对小球藻生长的影响。实验结果表明,尿素对小球藻的促进作用要比硝酸钾、碳酸氢铵和硫酸铵明显,在一定浓度范围内,浓度越高促生长作用越明显。     

Evaluation of dietary chitosan effects on growth performance,immunity, body composition and histopathology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as well as the resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae infection

The present investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary chitosan supplementation on growth performance, body composition, immune response and histopathology of Nile tilapia, and also the in vitro antibacterial activity of chitosan against Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae). About 180 fish (average body weight 39.3 ± 0.3 g) were randomly divided into three groups according to chitosan supplementation: control group (basal diet without chitosan), Ch3 group (3 g chitosan/kg diet) and Ch5 group (5 g chitosan/kg diet). Growth performance parameters and body proximate composition were measured before infection but biochemical parameters and lysozyme and antibacterial activities before and after experimental infection. Results of the present investigation showed dietary chitosan (5 g chitosan/kg diet) significantly (p < .05) improved growth performance parameters, body composition (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash, and carbohydrate) and serum biochemistry (total protein, albumin, globulin, with no effect on AST, ALT, urea and creatinine) before infection in Ch5 group than the control. After infection, liver enzymes (serum AST and ALT) were maintained lower in fish fed Ch3 or Ch5 than the control. Serum lysozyme and bactericidal activities significantly increased (p < .05) in chitosan groups before and after the challenge. The mortality rate was markedly reduced in the Ch3 group and prohibited in the Ch5 group after the experimental infection. In conclusion, feeding 3 or 5 g chitosan/kg diet increased the growth rate and improved FCR of Nile tilapia. In addition, it reduced mortality by its antibacterial and immunostimulant effects.     

麻醉剂丁香酚对鳗弧菌抑菌效果初步研究

水产麻醉剂丁香酚具有良好的抑菌和杀菌作用,不仅对食源性致病菌具有良好的抑制作用,也对水产致病菌具有潜在的抑菌效力。为探讨丁香酚对水产养殖业主要致病菌的抑菌作用,文章初步开展了丁香酚对鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)的抑菌效果研究。丁香酚质量浓度为6 400μg·mL^-1时,鳗弧菌培养平板中抑菌圈直径为(21.13±0.74) mm,表明鳗弧菌对此浓度的丁香酚表现为极敏。吸光度测定结果显示微孔中丁香酚质量浓度≥400μg·mL^-1时弧菌没有生长,表明丁香酚对鳗弧菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为400μg·mL^-1。取400μg·mL^-1、800μg·mL^-1和1 600μg·mL^-1微孔中溶液涂抹于培养平板继续培养24 h,质量浓度≥800μg·mL^-1时鳗弧菌没有生长,表明最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为800μg·mL^-1。研究结果表明丁香酚对鳗弧菌具有良好的抑菌作用。     

近地层臭氧浓度升高对常规稻颖花形成的影响：FACE研究

FACE(free air gas concentration enrichment)研究使用标准的作物管理技术,在完全开放的大田条件下运行,代表了目前人类对未来大气环境的最好模拟。利用独特的大型稻田FACE平台,以典型的常规水稻品种武粳15(粳稻)和扬稻6号(籼稻)为供试材料,研究近地层臭氧(O3)浓度升高(比大气背景臭氧浓度平均增高26%)对常规水稻颖花形成的影响。结果表明:(1)高浓度O3对供试品种全穗以及一、二次枝梗颖化分化数均无显著影响;(2)高浓度O3使供试品种全穗和二次枝梗颖花退化数和退化率均显著增加,颖花退化增多是由于现存一次枝梗上二次枝梗大量退化而引起的二次颖花退化所造成;(3)颖花退化数在颖花分化数中所占比例很低,故高浓度O3对两供试品种全穗和一、二次枝梗颖花现存数以及稻穗构成均无显著影响。结合前报可知,选用常规水稻品种以及增施保花肥可能是未来近地层高浓度O3环境下稻作生产重要的适应措施。     

竹醋液对食品污染菌的抗菌作用的研究

首先确定大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和黄曲霉菌的最佳稀释度,分别为10^7、10^5和10^5倍。探讨了在最佳稀释度下,竹醋液的抑制与杀灭菌类的作用。通过最低抑菌浓度、最低杀菌浓度和抑菌圈的研究发现,竹醋液对黄曲霉菌作用最强,大肠杆菌次之,金黄色葡萄球菌相对最差。最低抑菌浓度3者依次为7．5、25和30μl／mL。最低杀菌浓度3者依次为10、30和35μl／mL。     

常用中草药对4种病原弧菌体外抗菌效果的研究

采用琼脂扩散法(打孔法)测定了五倍子等18种中草药对鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河口弧菌及霍乱弧菌等4种病原弧菌的抑制作用。结果表明,五倍子、苏木、地锦草、石榴皮、黄芩、虎杖和山楂等7种中草药对病原弧菌具有较好的抑菌效果,而金银花等11种中草药抑菌作用较弱;同时采用试管连续稀释法,测定了五倍子等抑菌效果较强的7种中草药对4种病原弧菌的抑菌和杀菌浓度。结果表明,苏木、五倍子、地锦草和石榴皮4种中药具有较好的抑菌和杀菌作用,此4种中药对鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河口弧菌及霍乱弧菌等4种病原弧菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.78～6.25mg/ml,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为3.12～12.5mg/ml。     

球等鞭金藻生长抑制物对自身藻细胞的抑制效应

研究了生长抑制物1-羟基,丙二酸二乙酯-十二烯酸异丙酯（HDMA）对自身细胞生长、叶绿素和丙二醛（MDA）含量、胞外可溶性蛋白质和多糖含量、硝酸还原酶（NR）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性等生理指标的影响,分析HDMA对球等鞭金藻的抑制效应。结果表明,HDMA显著降低了细胞密度、叶绿素含量以及NR、SOD和POD活性,显著增大胞外可溶性蛋白质和多糖的比值,并且还明显提高MDA含量。因此,我们认为HDMA能够影响微藻细胞的某些生理生化过程。其中包括降低叶绿素含量,影响光合作用;改变胞外可溶性蛋白质和多糖的比值,增强细胞的疏水性,促使细胞絮凝;降低微藻硝酸还原酶和抗氧化体系酶的活性,影响细胞内营养平衡,并加速细胞体内活性氧的积累,导致细胞发生过氧化反应,从而影响微藻生长。     

植酸酶对金鳟体成分及金鳟椎骨中钙、磷含量的影响

采用喷涂法和预处理两种方法,在豆粕型金鳟饲料中添加不同浓度的植酸酶,通过90 d的饲喂试验,研究植酸酶对金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)体成分及其椎骨中钙、磷含量的影响。结果显示:喷涂法和预处理法添加植酸酶的处理组与对照组相比,粗蛋白、粗脂肪的含量均有所下降;喷涂法添加植酸酶的处理组的鱼体粗灰分、磷和钙含量均高于对照组,其中,喷涂法添加1500 U/Kg植酸酶组鱼体磷含量、灰分含量和钙含量显著高于对照组(P(0.05),且此组鱼体磷高于其它试验组;喷涂法各组椎骨中粗灰分、磷含量较对照组提高显著(P(0.05),2500 U/kg植酸酶组椎骨磷含量最高,椎骨中钙含量除D1和D8组外,添加植酸酶的处理组均较对照组提高显著(P(0.05)。预处理法添加植酸酶的处理组与对照组相比,鱼体和椎骨中粗灰分、磷和钙含量均有显著提高(P(0.05),但植酸酶试验组间椎骨中粗灰分、磷含量和钙含量差异均不显著(P(0.05)。结果表明,金鳟饲料喷涂法添加植酸酶1500~2500 U/kg浓度最适,预处理法添加植酸酶500 U/kg浓度较为宜。